Why do planarian cells without centrioles divide and cells with centrioles do not divide?

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Published: 2025-09-04
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17054142
Keywords:
planarian, neoblast, centriole, acentrosomal spindle assembly, regeneration, stem cell, differentiation, chromosomal instability, asymmetric cell division

Main Article Content

Jaba Tkemaladze
Longevity Clinic
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8651-7243

Abstract

Planarians present a unique cellular paradox: their proliferative stem cells (neoblasts) completely lack centrioles, while their post-mitotic, differentiated cells possess them. This review investigates the mechanisms and biological significance of this inverse correlation. We synthesize evidence demonstrating that neoblasts employ a robust, evolutionarily conserved acentrosomal pathway for spindle assembly, reliant on chromatin-mediated nucleation via RanGTP and motor protein-driven self-organization. This adaptation potentially confers advantages including enforced asymmetric division, metabolic economy, and a significantly reduced risk of centrosome amplification-driven genomic instability, which may underpin the planarians' extensive regenerative capabilities and resistance to tumors. Conversely, the quiescence of centriole-bearing somatic cells is not caused by the organelles themselves but is a consequence of terminal differentiation. These cells epigenetically silence the cell cycle machinery and repurpose centrioles as basal bodies for ciliogenesis. The presence of centrioles is thus a marker, not a driver, of the differentiated state. This system represents a profound uncoupling of the mitotic apparatus from the centriole, offering novel insights into stem cell biology, alternative modes of cell division, and providing conceptual frameworks for regenerative medicine and cancer research.

Article Details

Issue

Vol. 1 No. 3 (2025)

Section

Reviews and Perspectives
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Articles published in Longevity Horizon fall under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). This means authors retain their copyright while granting the journal the right to be the first publisher. Readers are permitted to share and distribute the work as long as proper credit is given. However, the content may not be altered, modified, or used for commercial purposes.

Author Biography

Jaba Tkemaladze, Longevity Clinic

Professor, Scientist, President of Longevity Alliance Georgia.

HOD at Longevity Clinic Inc.

Replacing old adult stem cells with induced and safe young adult stem cells.

World-renowned scientist. Developed the Centriolar theory of differentiation and the Centriolar theory of organism ageing. With acquired experience in both academia and industry.

Training in medicine at Tbilisi State Medical University and then at the Psychiatry Research Institute further deepened my knowledge in the laboratory of the Institute of Morphology. Namely, combined experimental and computational methods to study the ageing process and the various ways of manipulating age-related diseases and improvement of human health.

Also served as a Scientific Advisory Board Member in Georgia's Ministry of Defense and Longevity Alliance. Published over 100 scientific articles, given over 100 invited talks and received several awards.

How to Cite

Tkemaladze, J. (2025). Why do planarian cells without centrioles divide and cells with centrioles do not divide?. Longevity Horizon, 1(3). DOI:https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17054142
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Tkemaladze, J. (2025). Limits of Cellular Division: The Hayflick Phenomenon. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.25803.30249

Tkemaladze, J. (2025). Long-Lived Non-Renewable Structures in the Human Body. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.14826.43206

Tkemaladze, J. (2025). Mechanisms of Learning Through the Actualization of Discrepancies. Longevity Horizon, 1(3). doi : https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15200612

Tkemaladze, J. (2025). Memorizing an Infinite Stream of Information in a Limited.

Tkemaladze, J. (2025). Memorizing an Infinite Stream of Information in a Limited Memory Space: The Ze Method of a Plastic Counter of Chronotropic Number Frequencies. Longevity Horizon, 1(3). doi : https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15170931

Tkemaladze, J. (2025). Molecular Insights and Radical Longevity from Ancient Elixirs to Mars Colonies. Longevity Horizon, 1(2). doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14895222

Tkemaladze, J. (2025). Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Modern Life Extension Strategies: From Antiquity to Mars Colonization. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.13208.51204

Tkemaladze, J. (2025). Ontogenetic Permanence of Non-Renewable Biomechanical Configurations in Homo Sapiens Anatomy. Longevity Horizon, 1(3). doi : https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15086387

Tkemaladze, J. (2025). Pathways of Somatic Cell Specialization in Multicellular Organisms. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.23348.97929/1

Tkemaladze, J. (2025). Protocol for Transplantation of Healthy Cells Between Adult Drosophila of Different Ages and Sexes. Longevity Horizon, 1(2). doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14889948

Tkemaladze, J. (2025). Replicative Hayflick Limit. Longevity Horizon, 1(2). doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14752664

Tkemaladze, J. (2025). Solutions to the Living Space Problem to Overcome the Fear of Resurrection from the Dead. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.34655.57768

Tkemaladze, J. (2025). Strategic Importance of the Caucasian Bridge and Global Power Rivalries. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.19153.03680

Tkemaladze, J. (2025). Structure, Formation, and Functional Significance of Centrioles in Cellular Biology. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.27441.70245/1

Tkemaladze, J. (2025). Systemic Resilience and Sustainable Nutritional Paradigms in Anthropogenic Ecosystems. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.18943.32169/1

Tkemaladze, J. (2025). The Centriolar Theory of Differentiation Explains the Biological Meaning of the.

Tkemaladze, J. (2025). The Centriole Paradox in Planarian Biology: Why Acentriolar Stem Cells Divide and Centriolar Somatic Cells Do Not. Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202509.0382.v1

Tkemaladze, J. (2025). The Concept of Data-Driven Automated Governance. Georgian Scientists, 6(4), 399–410. doi: https://doi.org/10.52340/gs.2024.06.04.38

Tkemaladze, J. (2025). The Epistemological Reconfiguration and Transubstantial Reinterpretation of Eucharistic Practices Established by the Divine Figure of Jesus Christ in Relation to Theological Paradigms. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.28347.73769/1

Tkemaladze, J. (2025). The Stage of Differentiation Into Mature Gametes During Gametogenesis in Vitro. Longevity Horizon, 1(3). doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16808827

Tkemaladze, J. (2025). The Tkemaladze Method: A Modernized Caucasian Technology for the Production of Shelf-Stable Activated Wheat with Enhanced Nutritional Properties. Longevity Horizon, 1(3). doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16905079

Tkemaladze, J. (2025). Through In Vitro Gametogenesis — Young Stem Cells. Longevity Horizon, 1(3). doi:https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15847116

Tkemaladze, J. (2025). Transforming the psyche with phoneme frequencies "Habere aliam linguam est possidere secundam animam". doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.16105.61286

Tkemaladze, J. (2025). Uneven Centrosome Inheritance and Its Impact on Cell Fate. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.34917.31206

Tkemaladze, J. (2025). Voynich Manuscript Decryption: A Novel Compression-Based Hypothesis and Computational Framework. Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202509.0403.v1

Tkemaladze, J. (2025). Ze World Model with Predicate Actualization and Filtering. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.15218.62407

Tkemaladze, J. (2025). Ze метод создания пластичного счетчика хронотропных частот чисел бесконечного потока информации. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.29162.43207

Tkemaladze, J. (2025). Гаметогенез In Vitro: современное состояние, технологии и перспективы применения. Research Gate. http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.28647.36000

Tkemaladze, J., & Apkhazava, D. (2019). Dasatinib and quercetin: short-term simultaneous administration improves physical capacity in human. J Biomedical Sci, 8(3), 3.

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Tkemaladze, J., & Gakely, G. (2025). A Novel Biotechnological Approach for the Production of Shelf-Stable, Nutritionally Enhanced Activated Wheat: Protocol Development, Nutritional Profiling, and Bioactivity Assessment. Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202508.1997.v1

Tkemaladze, J., & Samanishvili, T. (2024). Mineral ice cream improves recovery of muscle functions after exercise. Georgian Scientists, 6(2), 36–50. doi: https://doi.org/10.52340/gs.2024.06.02.04

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Tkemaladze, Jaba and Kipshidze, Mariam, Regeneration Potential of the Schmidtea Mediterranea CIW4 Planarian. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4633202 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4633202

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Ткемаладзе, Д. (2025). Асимметрия в наследовании центросом/центриолей и ее последствия. doi: http://dx. doi. org/10.13140. RG, 2(34917.312), 06.

Ткемаладзе, Д. (2025). Гаметогенез in vitro (IVG) -Этап дифференцировки в зрелые гаметы. http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.20429.96482

Ткемаладзе, Д. (2025). Дифференциация соматических клеток многоклеточных животных. doi: http://dx. doi. org/10.13140. RG, 2(23348.97929), 1.

Ткемаладзе, Д. (2025). Индукция примордиальных клеток, подобных зародышевым клеткам (PGCLCs) современные достижения, механизмы и перспективы применения. http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.27152.32004

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Ткемаладзе, Д. (2025). Элиминация Центриолей: Механизм Обнуления Энтропии в Клетке. doi: http://dx. doi. org/10.13140. RG, 2(12890.66248), 1.

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