Through In Vitro Gametogenesis — Young Stem Cells

Abstract

In vitro gametogenesis (IVG) represents a groundbreaking technology that opens new horizons in reproductive and regenerative medicine. Recent advancements enable the direct reprogramming of somatic cells into germline cells, bypassing the pluripotency stage, which reduces the risk of genetic abnormalities and accelerates the process. The key stages of IVG include the induction of primordial germ cell-like cells (PGCLCs), differentiation into mature gametes, and the formation of functional germ cells under controlled conditions. The primary signaling pathways involved in this process are BMP, WNT, and retinoic acid, which regulate initiation, proliferation, and meiotic entry. To accurately replicate the gonadal microenvironment, researchers employ 3D cultures, organoid systems, and microfluidic devices. Despite significant progress, the efficiency and quality of in vitro-derived gametes still fall short of their natural counterparts. Future developments in this technology hinge on optimizing differentiation protocols, leveraging single-cell technologies, integrating genome editing, and establishing international standards. Additionally, IVG holds promise for systemic rejuvenation by replacing aged stem cells with young ones derived from reprogrammed cells. Ethical and regulatory concerns remain pressing, particularly regarding artificial embryo creation and potential social inequalities. IVG has the potential to become a cornerstone technology in treating aging, extending healthy lifespan, addressing age-related diseases, and overcoming infertility.