Multiparametric Paradigm from Molecular Assessment to Clinical Translation
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.65649/44br6e18Keywords:
Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Bioenergetics, Reactive Oxygen Species, Metabolic Flux Analysis, Mitochondrial Dynamics, Diagnostic Biomarkers, Personalized Medicine, MitophagyAbstract
Mitochondrial health is a critical determinant of cellular vitality, extending far beyond ATP production to encompass regulation of apoptosis, calcium homeostasis, redox signaling, and dynamic network integrity. Its dysfunction underpins a vast spectrum of age-related and metabolic diseases. However, quantifying this multifaceted concept remains a central challenge due to the absence of a universal "gold standard." This review synthesizes the contemporary methodological arsenal for assessing mitochondrial health in human cells, detailing techniques for evaluating bioenergetics, membrane potential, redox state, morphology, and molecular underpinnings. We critically examine the principles, advantages, and limitations of each approach, highlighting the interpretive pitfalls arising from mitochondrial heterogeneity, the necessity of stress tests to probe functional reserve, and the profound context-dependence of healthy parameters. We argue that accurate assessment necessitates a multiparametric, integrative strategy. Consequently, we outline future frontiers focused on developing integrated real-time platforms, standardized diagnostic panels for personalized medicine, and advanced screening for mitochondria-targeted therapeutics (mitocans, mitohormetic inducers). Advancing from univariate assays to systems-level analysis is essential for unlocking the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of mitochondrial health.
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